Data center profile · 3231 Paul R. Lowry Road, Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee

xAI Colossus 1

xAI's first Memphis supercomputer, leased in full to Anthropic since May 2026: about 340 MW of IT (Epoch AI estimate), on 150 MW of grid power plus permitted gas turbines.

Operating, power expanding. Site in service since July 2024 on 150 MW of utility power; the Tennessee Valley Authority approved a second 150 MW in Feb. 2026, due by end-2026 (press). The 15-turbine air permit expires Jan. 2, 2027; city moratorium pending.
xAI Colossus 1 plant, Satellite image, Dec. 30, 2025
~340 MW
IT capacity running now, outside estimate
Epoch AI, Sept. 2026; xAI said 130 MW for its first cluster in July 2024
150 MW
grid power energized (May 2025)
a second 150 MW approved by TVA in Feb. 2026
247 MW
permitted on-site gas turbines
15 units, permit expires Jan. 2, 2027
217 acres
site, a former 785,000 sq ft factory
two parcels, per the contractor's lien filing
OperatorxAI, now part of SpaceX (site held through CTC Property LLC)
CustomerAnthropic, which since May 2026 takes all of Colossus 1's compute (about 220,000 GPUs) under SpaceX cloud agreements that also cover Colossus 2 and can end on 90 days' notice (press reports of SpaceX's filing; Musk confirmed); xAI used it before
Planned IT capacity340 MW at full build-out (an outside estimate, Epoch AI). No build-out above the capacity running now is on record
First building in serviceIn service since July 2024 (about 340 MW of IT capacity live, estimated)
Next deadlineDec. 2026: Second 150 MW of grid power due to energize by year-end (utility CEO, press); gas turbine permit expires Jan. 2, 2027
From orbit

The site from above

Satellite overview1
Satellite image, Dec. 30, 2025. Pin: xAI Colossus 1 plant, the former factory on Paul R. Lowry Road, Memphis.
From orbit

XAI Colossus 1 plant

Satellite views of the same ground on Nov. 18, 2022 and Dec. 30, 2025. Drag to compare.

after
before
◀ Satellite image, Nov. 18, 2022Satellite image, Dec. 30, 2025 ▶
Power

Power and the grid

150 MW energized · 247 MW permitted

Grid power (MLGW, wholesale from TVA)Energized
150 MW
energized May 2025 through a new substation the developer paid for (about $24M, repaid through the bill) News report · Oct. 2026
Megapack batteriesInstalled (press)
150 MW
for outages and peak demand (press) News report · May 2025
15 permanent gas turbines (Solar Titan)Permitted
247 MW
county air permit issued July 2, 2025; whether all are running is not on record Dataset · July 2025
Second grid trancheApproved, not yet on
150 MW
TVA board approval Feb. 11, 2026; energization by end of 2026 per MLGW's CEO (press) State agency · Feb. 2026
Energized nowPermittedApproved

Getting on the grid

Who supplies what, what it costs, and what is still not public.

  1. July 9, 2024
    Utility briefs the city council
    MLGW says the site had only 8 MW available, raises it to 50 MW, and tells council the developer will pay for a 150 MW substation (about $24M, repaid through the bill). Local government · July 2024
  2. Nov. 7, 2024
    TVA approves 150 MW
    The TVA board approves 150 MW of firm power, contingent on xAI accepting demand-response terms (press). News report · Nov. 2024
  3. May 1, 2025
    First 150 MW energized
    The campus begins taking 150 MW of grid power, and about half the temporary turbines are removed (press). News report · Oct. 2026
  4. Feb. 11, 2026
    TVA approves a second arrangement
    The TVA board approves power for an unnamed customer above 100 MW starting as early as Feb. 2026; the utility's CEO attributes it to this campus. State agency · Feb. 2026
  5. Dec. 2026
    Second 150 MW due
    MLGW's CEO says it energizes by the end of 2026 with no further approvals needed (press account). News report · Oct. 2026
  6. Not set
    Executed service agreement: not public
    No termination, curtailment or rate clause of the final MLGW agreement appears in any public source.

On-site generation on file

Is it running?

Evidence from space

NO2 over the site, net of the rural background, rose about 2.4× from summer 2025 to summer 2026 (7 to 17 µmol/m², averages for July–September 2025 and 2026), while the rural background stayed flat (about 25 both summers). The monthly excess first cleared its early-2025 range in Jan. 2026 and peaked in Feb. 2026 at 31 µmol/m². That fits added combustion in the box, but the box overlaps the one drawn for xAI's Colossus 2 turbine yard, so part of the rise can come from there; the satellite cannot split the two.

See all campuses checked →

NO2 over the campus and over open country (µmol/m²)
0255075100Jan 2025AprJulOctJan 2026AprJulOctOver the campusOpen country
0255075100Jan 2025JulJan 2026JulOver the campusOpen country
Lines: 7-day (daily) / 3-week (weekly) averages; gaps from cloud filled by straight-line interpolation; dots are raw readings. Shaded: July–September 2025 and 2026, averaging 7 and 17 µmol/m² above open country (2.4×).

What else could explain it

How this works: the Sentinel-5P satellite measures NO2 in the air over every point on Earth once a day, around 1:30 p.m. local time, in pixels about 5.5 by 3.5 km. NO2 comes from burning fuel (turbines, engines, traffic, power plants), so a rise over a site that open country does not share points to new combustion there. It shows combustion activity, not megawatts. The site box is about 15 km across; the background box is open country about 57 km away. We use only high-quality readings and drop days or weeks when cloud hides more than half of either box. Data: Copernicus Sentinel-5P (ESA), processed with the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem Sentinel Hub statistics service.

Permits

Permits checklist

1 contested · 1 dismissed · 3 granted

Approvals on record for this campus; city zoning and site plan documents were not found.

Risks

What could slow it down

Lawsuits

3 cases on record

Money

Money on record

$1.25B/mo
Anthropic compute agreements, through May 2029
covers Colossus 1 and 2; either side can end it on 90 days' notice after an initial three months SEC filing · June 2026
$24M
substation, repaid through the power bill
developer builds a 150 MW substation; MLGW takes ownership once repaid Local government · July 2024
$18.6M
contractor lien on the site
claimed unpaid balance, sworn July 2026; not adjudicated Court filing · July 2026
$820,000
13 acres bought from the city for the water plant
city can buy it back if construction is not substantial by May 2027 News report · June 2026
$27.8M
2026 Shelby County property taxes owed by SpaceXAI affiliates
all Memphis-area sites combined (press) News report · Oct. 2026
$185M
Deed to CTC Property LLC, recorded May 2026
seller not stated in the county record; CTC Property LLC is the TVA power customer for the campus County deed records · May 2026
13 MGD, $80M
water recycling plant, construction on hold since April 2026
News report · June 2026
Land assembly

2 recorded land documents for the campus company in county records (May 2026); 1 lists a price. Parcel counts come from the deed; acreage is not recorded.

Timeline

What happened, and what is due

SitePaper trailConstructionPowerPermitsMoneyLegalUpcoming
  1. March 20, 2024
    Paper trail CTC Property LLC registered in Tennessee
  2. June 5, 2024
    Site Greater Memphis Chamber announces xAI's supercomputer project in Memphis. Company · Oct. 2026
  3. July 9, 2024
    Power MLGW briefs city council on a 150 MW substation paid for by the developer. Local government · July 2024
  4. July 2024
    Construction The site comes online on temporary gas turbines with only 8 MW of grid service. News report · Oct. 2026
  5. May 1, 2025
    Power First 150 MW of grid power is energized and about half the temporary turbines come out. News report · Oct. 2026
  6. June 17, 2025
    Legal NAACP and SELC send a 60-day Clean Air Act notice; xAI removes the unpermitted turbines. News report · Oct. 2026
  7. July 2, 2025
    Permits County health department issues the air permit for 15 turbines (247 MW). Dataset · July 2025
  8. Dec. 15, 2025
    Permits Air board dismisses the appeal of that permit 6-1. News report · Dec. 2025
  9. Feb. 11, 2026
    Power TVA board approves a second power arrangement above 100 MW. State agency · Feb. 2026
  10. May 22, 2026
    Money Land purchase by CTC Property LLC recorded at $185M; seller not named (2 parcels) County deed records · May 2026
  11. May 28, 2026
    Money Musk confirms Anthropic will lease the Paul R. Lowry Road data center. News report · Oct. 2026
  12. Sept. 23, 2026
    Legal Residents file a class action over noise and nuisance covering Colossus 1, Colossus 2 and Southaven. Court filing · Oct. 2026
  13. Dec. 2026
    Power Second 150 MW of grid power due (utility CEO, press). News report · Oct. 2026
  14. Jan. 2, 2027
    Permits Air permit for the 15 turbines expires. Dataset · July 2025
Construction activity

Building activity by quarter

Since Nov. 2022: 4 OSHA inspections; 95 satellite captures.

OSHA visits
Satellite
’23
’24
’25
’26
Dot size: records in the quarter, largest = 21. Two-digit years mark each first quarter.
The buildings

Specs

217 acres
two parcels at the old Electrolux plant
Court filing · July 2026
785,000 sq ft
existing industrial building (press)
130 MW
first cluster of ~100,000 H100 chips, online in 122 days (company, 2024)
SEC filing · July 2024
522 acres
land leased from the county's EDGE board for 21 years, southeast of the site
News report · Oct. 2026
Other data centers within 40 km (15)
This campus (footprint)
42 ac
MEM01 Memphis Data Center
24 ac
Memphis 2 Data Center
8 ac
MEM1 - Memphis Data Center
5 ac
Memphis Data Center
4 ac
Memphis 1 Data Center
3 ac

Not on record: tax breaks or payment-in-lieu-of-tax deals received News report · Oct. 2026

Who is involved

Owners, partners and builders

Owners and operators
  • xAI, now part of SpaceX (SpaceXAI): operator
  • CTC Property LLC: SpaceX subsidiary that holds the site, permits and utility account
  • Phoenix Investors: former owner of the Electrolux plant, reported sold in May 2026 (deed not verified)
Customers
  • Anthropic: compute capacity across Colossus 1 and 2, $1.25B a month
Power and utilities
  • Memphis Light, Gas and Water: local utility
  • Tennessee Valley Authority: wholesale supplier
  • Seven States Power: planned 100 MW solar sublease on county land, now in question (press)
Builders and counterparties
  • Darana Hybrid: electrical and mechanical contractor, terminated June 2026
  • EDGE (Memphis and Shelby County growth board): landlord of 522 acres
Builders on site
  • Osha Unprog Rel inspection of X.ai Corp.: 1 OSHA inspection
Still unknown

Open questions

Where this comes from

375 records from 57 documents

Drawn from news reports, court filings, public and commercial datasets, business registries, state agency records, satellite captures, local government records, utility regulator dockets, company statements, securities filings and our own analysis, each kept with its date and source. The bar shows documents by type.

News report 30Court filing 9Dataset 7State agency 5Satellite 4Local government 3Utility regulator 2Company 2SEC filing 1Analysis 1
Evidence

Every quote behind this page

Grade key: A = the primary record itself (permit, filing, exhibit) · B = a dated official statement · C = news reporting. Map distances are our own measurements on OpenStreetMap and carry no grade. Allegations in lawsuits are marked as such in the quotes.

Power (43)
  • EIA campd registration: not stated
    “monitors the current status of existing and proposed generating units at electric power plants with 1 megawatt or greater of combined nameplate capacity”
    State agency · Oct. 2026 · grade A
  • Utility service: 150 MW
    “Developer will pay for construction of 150MW substation”
    Local government · Nov. 2024 · grade A
  • IT capacity: 130 MW
    “we brought online the first cluster of approximately 100,000 H100 processors, approximately 130 megawatts of compute power, in just 122 days”
    SEC filing · July 2024 · grade A
  • Utility: MLGW (Memphis Light, Gas and Water); wholesale power from TVA
    “MLGW will increase availability to 50MW at an MLGW capital cost of $760,000”
    Local government · July 2024 · grade A
  • County code: 47157
    “Shelby County Health Department, air construction permit 01156-01PC, issued July 2, 2025, expiring January 2, 2027”
    State agency · Oct. 2026 · grade B
  • Nearest substation of 345 kV or more: 0.948 km
    Measured on OpenStreetMap map data.
    OpenStreetMap · Oct. 2026
  • County code: Shelby County, TN (47157)
    “CTC Property LLC, an affiliate of xAI, has applied for permits to operate 15 methane gas turbines 24 hours a day, 7 days a week”
    Local government · Oct. 2026 · grade B
  • Stated campus size: not stated
    “COLOSSUS and COLOSSUS II collectively provide approximately 1.0 gigawatt of compute power, with additional power capacity available for data center operations”
    SEC filing · Oct. 2026 · grade B
  • Power plan: hybrid (MLGW grid + on-site gas turbines + battery storage)
    “Facility will use existing 8MW of electric power currently available”
    Local government · Oct. 2026 · grade B
  • Utility service: 150 MW
    “MLGW worked with SpaceX AI to establish service for an electric contract demand of 150 MW with another 150MW to be completed in 2026.”
    Utility regulator · Sept. 2026 · grade B
  • Current target date: Dec. 2026
    “the customer has requested to begin taking the power as early as February 2026”
    State agency · Sept. 2026 · grade B
  • large load interconnection request: approved - second tranche completing 2026
    “MLGW worked with SpaceX AI to establish service for an electric contract demand of 150 MW with another 150MW to be completed in 2026.”
    Utility regulator · Sept. 2026 · grade B
  • IT capacity: 340 MW
    “Ranked by estimated current IT power in megawatts, using Epoch AI's Frontier Data Centers hub as of September 2026”
    Dataset · Sept. 2026 · grade B
  • Utility service: 150 MW
    “the additional load requirement of the end-use customer is greater than 100 megawatts (MW), and the customer has requested to begin taking the power as early as February 2026”
    State agency · Feb. 2026 · grade B
  • Stage: operating, grid ceiling doubling to 300 MW by end of 2026; SCHD air permit expires Jan 2, 2027
    “the power arrangement described in the Confidential Memorandum”
    State agency · Feb. 2026 · grade B
  • Generating units on the permit: 15 units
    “The Shelby County Health Department eventually granted an air permit in July 2025 for up to 15 turbines generating about 247.2 MW, valid through January 2027”
    Dataset · July 2025 · grade B
  • Generator maker and model: Solar Turbines SMT130
    “Solar Turbines: SMT130”
    Dataset · July 2025 · grade B
  • On-site generation: 247 MW
    “The Shelby County Health Department eventually granted an air permit in July 2025 for up to 15 turbines generating about 247.2 MW, valid through January 2027”
    Dataset · July 2025 · grade B
  • On-site generation: 247 MW
    “SCHD construction permit 01156-01PC: 15 Solar Turbines Titan units, 247 MW, issued July 2, 2025, expiring January 2, 2027”
    grade B
  • Construction stage: operating - TVA approved 150 MW via MLGW in Nov 2024; first tranche energized May 1, 2025 (MLGW substation #63); second 150 MW completing 2026 per MLGW (see utility row)
    “TVA approved xAI's power agreement for use of 150 megawatts of electricity through MLGW in November 2024”
    State agency · Nov. 2024 · grade B
  • Current stage: operating
    “TVA approved xAI's power agreement for use of 150 megawatts of electricity through MLGW in November 2024”
    State agency · Nov. 2024 · grade B
  • Utility service: 150 MW
    “Resolution and memorandum, Exhibit 11/07/24G: 150 MW of firm power for CTC Property LLC (xAI)”
    Utility regulator · Nov. 2024 · grade B
  • large load interconnection request: approved - firm power, first tranche
    “Resolution and memorandum, Exhibit 11/07/24G: 150 MW of firm power for CTC Property LLC (xAI)”
    Utility regulator · Nov. 2024 · grade B
  • Square feet: 785000 (former Electrolux industrial plant) sq ft
    “785,000 sq ft industrial plant on 217 acres (2 parcels) (Datacentres.com, Wikipedia) [from the user-supplied dossier on x.AI v; Darana (press-derived: Powerboat News, LocalMemphis, Datacentres.com, Wikipedia et al.)”
    grade C
  • Construction stage: operating (energized)
    “powered by temporary natural gas turbines located on-site since it came online in July”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Greater Memphis Chamber announces xAI's Gigafactory of Compute in Memphis, the largest capital investment by a new-to-market company in city history; the project was then pending EDGE, TVA and governing-authority approv
    “xAI's Gigafactory of Compute – the World's largest supercomputer – would be located in Memphis, Tennessee”
    Company · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Operations begin powered by temporary mobile gas turbines (the initial fleet was reported as 14 VoltaGrid units at 2.5 MW each) with only 8 MW of grid service available.
    “powered by temporary natural gas turbines located on-site since it came online in July”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • SELC public-records request: the Shelby County Health Department reports no air permits for the site's turbines.
    “The agency says there are no results for the request, indicating there are no permits for the turbines”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • SELC, for Memphis Community Against Pollution, Young Gifted & Green and the Sierra Club, writes to SCHD urging investigation of the unpermitted turbines.
    “write a letter to the Shelby County Health Department about xAI's use of unpermitted methane gas turbines”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • SELC aerial survey counts 35 turbines on site and estimates their combined capacity at 421 MW with NOx of 1,200–2,000 tons per year. Advocacy estimates of an unpermitted temporary fleet, never permitted or company-state
    “Our analysis shows these turbines together have a power generating capacity of 421 megawatts”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • SELC/Southwings thermal imagery shows more than 30 of the turbines operating, contradicting the mayor's statement that only 15 were running.
    “The images showed more than 30 of the turbines at Colossus 1 being operated”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • First 150 MW of grid power energized through the new substation; about half the temporary turbines demobilized, the rest to remain until the second substation connects and then shift to backup.
    “it is now receiving 150 megawatts of grid power from Memphis Light, Gas and Water (MLGW) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • MLGW CEO Doug McGowen, Memphis City Council Planning & Zoning Committee: xAI asked MLGW for 300 MW in 2024; the site has been receiving 150 MW from the grid; the second 150 MW was just approved and energizes by end of 20
    “McGowen says that when the company asked MLGW for power back in 2024, it asked for 300 megawatts”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Generation installed units: 12 turbines
    “The company told the county that only 12 of the 15 were ever installed.”
    News report · Sept. 2026 · grade C
  • Interconnection status: Energized: MLGW retail service (TVA wholesale) to CTC Property LLC - first 150 MW firm power energized May 1, 2025 via the newly built MLGW substation, TVA Board approved Nov 7, 2024; second 150 MW
    “MLGW is providing less than 160 megawatts to SpaceXAI between its two Shelby County campuses (Tulane Road and Paul R. Lowry Road).”
    News report · Aug. 2026 · grade C
  • Darana's Colossus lien recorded as Shelby County Instrument #26064556 ($18,646,622.43, against CTC Property LLC)
    “$18,646,622.43 Darana lien (Shelby Co; Inst. #26064556, recorded July 30, 2026) (Powerboat News) [from the user-supplied dossier on x.AI v; Darana (press-derived: Powerboat News, LocalMemphis, Datacentres.com, Wikipedia et al.)”
    grade C
  • Stated campus size: 300 MW
    “for dedicated access to all 300 megawatts of Colossus 1 in Memphis, including more than 220,000 NVIDIA H100, H200, and GB200 GPUs”
    News report · May 2026 · grade C
  • TVA board actions on Colossus 1 grid supply: 150 MW approved Nov 7, 2024 (TVA policy requires board approval above 100 MW); a second 150 MW approved at the Feb 2026 board meeting, doubling the site's allocation to 300 MW
    “In February, the board voted to double the power available to Elon Musk's xAI facility in West Tennessee.”
    News report · Feb. 2026 · grade C
  • Temporary turbines status: decommissioned
    “the Memphis and Shelby County Air Pollution Control Board voted 6-1 to dismiss an appeal of xAI's air permit for its 3231 Paul R. Lowry site on the grounds of mootness”
    News report · Dec. 2025 · grade C
  • On-site turbines permitted: 15 turbines / 247.2 MW
    “Under the permit, which covers the period to 1 January 2027, xAI will be allowed to run 15 turbines generating 247.2MW of electricity”
    News report · July 2025 · grade C
  • On-site generation: 150 MW
    “an additional 150 megawatts of Megapack Batteries have been added and will be used in case of an outage or peak grid demand”
    News report · May 2025 · grade C
  • Project status: operating
    “The site began operations around July 2024 with reported IT capacity ~150 MW and an initial grid connection of ~8 MW, which later increased to ~150 MW via the local utility (Tennessee Valley Authority/MLGW).”
    Dataset · July 2024 · grade C
  • Original target date: July 2024
    “The facility has been powered by temporary natural gas turbines located on-site since it came online in July”
    News report · July 2024 · grade C
Money and contracts (40)
  • Parcel IDs: 050101 00077; 050101 00076 (Shelby County PINs)
    “Lien legal description: 9,431,225 square feet / 216.511 acres, more or less; PIN 050101 00077 and 050101 00076; 3231 Paul R; Lowry Road (Doc. 1-1 p. 66) [from the user's research notes on Darana v; CTC / x.AI v; Darana (combined), W.D; Tenn. 2:26-cv-03037 consolidated into 2:26-cv-02994”
    Court filing · July 2026 · grade A
  • Acres: 216.511 (9,431,225 sq ft land, lien legal description) acres
    “Lien legal description: 9,431,225 square feet / 216.511 acres, more or less (Doc. 1-1 p. 66) [from the user's research notes on Darana v; CTC / x.AI v; Darana (combined), W.D; Tenn. 2:26-cv-03037 consolidated into 2:26-cv-02994”
    Court filing · July 2026 · grade A
  • Contractor first work date: March 10, 2024 (Darana first work at Colossus; last work/services June 23, 2026)
    “Sworn lien notices give Colossus first work March 10, 2024 ... last furnished work/services June 23, 2026 (Doc. 1-1 p. 62); start dates admitted on information and belief (Doc. 23) [from the user's research notes on Darana v; CTC / x.AI v; Darana (combined), W.D; Tenn. 2:26-cv-03037 consolidated into 2:26-cv-02994”
    Court filing · July 2026 · grade A
  • Mechanic's lien (Tennessee): sworn claimed unpaid balance - 3231 Paul R. Lowry Rd 18646622.43 USD
    “Sworn claim amounts: Colossus $18,646,622.43 ..; Signed under oath by Brandy Petrak, Senior Accountant, July 29/30; Claimed unpaid balances, not adjudicated debts [from the user's research notes on Darana v; CTC / x.AI v; Darana (combined), W.D; Tenn. 2:26-cv-03037 consolidated into 2:26-cv-02994”
    Court filing · July 2026 · grade A
  • Tenants: xAI (owner-operator); Anthropic PBC (compute capacity customer from May 2026)
    “we entered into Cloud Services Agreements with Anthropic PBC”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • Tenant status: signed agreement
    “the customer has agreed to pay us $1.25 billion per month through May 2029, with capacity ramping in May and June 2026 at a reduced fee”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • cloud services agreements: scope 325000 GPUs
    “access to compute capacity across COLOSSUS and COLOSSUS II”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • cloud services agreements: value 1250000000 USD/month
    “the customer has agreed to pay us $1.25 billion per month through May 2029”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • cloud services agreements: termination
    “After the initial three-month period, the agreements may be terminated by either party upon 90 days' notice”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • joint venture (Stateline Power, LLC): formation and contributions 86000000 USD
    “Solaris contributed non-cash assets valued at $86 million for a 50.1% equity interest”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • joint venture (Stateline Power, LLC): assignment
    “Interests in Stateline held by CTC were subsequently assigned to MZX Tech LLC”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • master equipment rental agreement: rental scope
    “under which Stateline leases power generation equipment to MZX”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • master equipment rental agreement: payment status
    “No rental payments were made by the Company for the year ended December 31, 2025”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • TVA power arrangement (Feb 2026): scope
    “the additional load requirement of the end-use customer is greater than 100 megawatts (MW), and the customer has requested to begin taking the power as early as February 2026”
    State agency · Feb. 2026 · grade A
  • TVA power arrangement (Feb 2026): condition
    “contractual, financial, and operational requirements”
    State agency · Feb. 2026 · grade A
  • Master Services Agreement (CTC / Darana): billing rate - Colossus (Amendment 1) 245 USD/hour
    “Amendment 1: $245/hour Colossus; $200/hour Tulane, unless an accepted PO sets a lower rate; Effective last signature, April 12, 2025 [from the user's research notes on Darana v; CTC / x.AI v; Darana (combined), W.D; Tenn. 2:26-cv-03037 consolidated into 2:26-cv-02994”
    Court filing · April 2025 · grade A
  • electric service arrangement: scope 150 MW
    “Developer will pay for construction of 150MW substation”
    Local government · July 2024 · grade A
  • electric service arrangement: cost responsibility 760000 USD
    “MLGW will increase availability to 50MW at an MLGW capital cost of $760,000”
    Local government · July 2024 · grade A
  • electric service arrangement: reimbursement 24000000 USD
    “MLGW will provide a margin allowance on monthly bill to recoup substation construction (approximately $24M total)”
    Local government · July 2024 · grade A
  • Land purchase (recorded deed): contract value 185000000 USD
    “Recorded: May 22, 2026 · Price: $185,000,000 · Grantee: CTC PROPERTY LLC · Parcel number: 05-0101-0-0077 · Address: 3223 PAUL R LOWRY RD · City: MEMPHIS”
    County deed records · May 2026 · grade B
  • Land purchase (recorded deed): contract value USD
    “Recorded: May 22, 2026 · Grantee: CTC PROPERTY LLC · Parcel number: 05-0101-0-0077 · Address: 3231 PAUL R LOWRY RD · City: MEMPHIS”
    County deed records · May 2026 · grade B
  • electric service agreement (executed text): termination (missing, finding)
    “No termination, curtailment or rate clause of the executed MLGW service agreement appears in any opened public source; the public terms rest on the MLGW Jul 9, 2024 council deck and TVA board actions”
    grade C
  • Musk confirms Anthropic will lease the Colossus data center at 3231 Paul R; Lowry Road, a site-specific statement
    “On May 28, Musk confirmed that Anthropic would be leasing out its Colossus data center at 3231 Paul R. Lowry Road”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Google capacity deal reported Jun 5, 2026: about 110,000 GPUs at $920 million per month, Oct 2026 through Jun 2029
    “On June 5, 2026, Google agreed to rent access to approximately 110,000 GPUs from SpaceX beginning October 2026 through June 2029”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Ceremonial groundbreaking for the Colossus Water Recycling Plant.
    “The company held a ceremonial groundbreaking for the project in October 2025”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • SpaceXAI energy lead Riley Trettel told the TVA board (public comment) the company has invested over $60 billion in its data center expansion, generating 6,000 construction jobs and 700 permanent jobs, company-wide clai
    “the company has invested over $60 billion in its data center expansion while generating 6,000 construction jobs and 700 permanent jobs”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • SpaceXAI and its affiliates (MZX Tech LLC and CTC Property LLC) owe over $27.83 million in 2026 Shelby County property taxes and have acquired over 800 acres in Shelby County across all their properties.
    “the company owes over $27.83 million in 2026 property taxes, according to records with the Shelby County Assessor's office”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Incentives: none, no PILOT or tax incentives for the Memphis developments
    “To date, SpaceXAI and its affiliates have not received any tax incentives or payment-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOT) programs for their Memphis-based developments”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • land lease: term and scope 522 acres
    “entered into a 21-year lease with the Economic Development Growth Engine for Memphis and Shelby County (EDGE) for 522 acres”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • land lease: sublease (planned)
    “announced plans to sublease that land to Chattanooga-based Seven States Power Corp. for a 100-megawatt solar farm”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • community benefit ordinance: revenue allocation 25 % of property tax revenue
    “the Memphis City Council approves an ordinance to allocate 25 percent of tax revenue generated from xAI for communities closest to the facilities”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • incentives: incentives (none, finding)
    “To date, SpaceXAI and its affiliates have not received any tax incentives or payment-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOT) programs for their Memphis-based developments”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • land purchase agreement (water recycling plant site): reversion
    “CTC Property would have to complete substantial construction of the facility within a year”
    News report · June 2026 · grade C
  • Water recycling: Colossus Water Recycling Plant: 13 MGD recycled-water plant, $80M, construction paused Apr 2026
    “The 13 acres are the intended site of the Colossus Water Recycling Plant, an $80 million greywater treatment facility”
    News report · June 2026 · grade C
  • land purchase agreement (water recycling plant site): price and scope 820000 USD
    “closed on its $820,000 purchase of 13 acres north of its Colossus data center”
    News report · June 2026 · grade C
  • Tenant status: Anthropic computing deal with SpaceX (~$45B over three years, May 2026, as reported); A5 reads the SpaceX S-1 reporting as Anthropic leasing the whole Colossus 1 campus - EDGAR re-pull pending
    “Anthropic PBC has agreed to pay Elon Musk's SpaceX nearly US$45 billion over the next three years for computing resources as part of an expanded deal to support its Claude artificial intelligence (AI) software, according to a securities”
    News report · May 2026 · grade C
  • Tenant: Anthropic PBC - full-capacity compute agreement signed May 6, 2026: dedicated access to all of Colossus 1 (300 MW, 220,000+ GPUs) at $1.25 billion per month through May 2029 (~$45 billion total), either party ter
    “Anthropic PBC has agreed to pay Elon Musk's SpaceX nearly US$45 billion over the next three years for computing resources as part of an expanded deal to support its Claude artificial intelligence (AI) software, according to a securities filing.”
    News report · May 2026 · grade C
  • compute services (end customer): scope not stated GPUs
    “Under that agreement, Anthropic agreed to pay $1.25 billion per month through 2029 to rent all available compute from SpaceX's Colossus 1 data center near Memphis, Tennessee.”
    News report · May 2026 · grade C
  • electric service arrangement: demand response
    “xAI has agreed to specific demand response terms so that TVA and MLGW can provide power according to the requested timeline”
    News report · Nov. 2024 · grade C
  • TVA power arrangement (Nov 2024): scope 150 MW
    “TVA in partnership with MLGW is in a position to supply 150 megawatts of low-cost, clean energy for this phase of their installation”
    News report · Nov. 2024 · grade C
Permits and government (23)
  • power availability approval: approved
    “the customer has requested to begin taking the power as early as February 2026”
    State agency · Feb. 2026 · grade A
  • TVA Board of Directors: Resolution, Power Availability: power arrangement for an LPC-served customer with a load greater than 100 MW (Confidential Memorandum, Exhibit 02/11/26E)
    “the customer has requested to begin taking the power as early as February 2026”
    State agency · Feb. 2026 · grade A
  • Shelby County Board of Commissioners: Resolution urging SCHD to delay the CTC Property turbine permit decision until a public hearing is held
    “delay the approval process for the CTC Property LLC permit submitted in January 2025 until it holds a public hearing to gather input from the communities”
    Local government · March 2025 · grade A
  • Memphis City Council MLGW Committee: MLGW briefing: xAI water and electric service for the former Electrolux site
    “MLGW will increase availability to 50MW at an MLGW capital cost of $760,000”
    Local government · July 2024 · grade A
  • Live Memphis data-center hiring under the SpaceXAI/SpaceXSI boards (observed Oct 2026), e.g. Senior Critical Facilities Technician - Memphis, supporting the Colossus supercomputing data centers.
    “As a Sr”
    Company · Oct. 2026 · grade B
  • building/electrical permits (contractor of record): Darana requested immediate voidance of all permits issued to Darana at Colossus and Tulane (allegation)
    “Darana requested the "immediate voidance of all permits issued to Darana" at Colossus and Tulane the day after termination (Doc. 39 p. 43 ¶¶136-137)”
    Court filing · Sept. 2026 · grade B
  • Generation permitted units: 15 turbines
    “Shelby County Health Department, air construction permit 01156-01PC, issued July 2, 2025, expiring January 2, 2027”
    State agency · July 2025 · grade B
  • air construction permit: issued
    “Shelby County Health Department, air construction permit 01156-01PC, issued July 2, 2025, expiring January 2, 2027”
    State agency · July 2025 · grade B
  • air construction permit: issued
    “The Shelby County Health Department eventually granted an air permit in July 2025 for up to 15 turbines generating about 247.2 MW, valid through January 2027”
    Dataset · July 2025 · grade B
  • air construction permit: application
    “delay the approval process for the CTC Property LLC permit submitted in January 2025 until it holds a public hearing”
    Local government · March 2025 · grade B
  • OSHA Complaint inspection of DARANA HYBRID, INC. (general contractor) at 3231 PAUL R. LOWRY ROAD, MEMPHIS, TN 38109; activity 348021783
    “LOWRY ROAD, MEMPHIS, TN 38109”
    State agency · Feb. 2025 · grade B
  • Memphis City Council takes up a proposed one-year data-center moratorium (Ordinance 5982); existing facilities that do not expand would be exempt; local coverage reports the vote was postponed to Oct 20, 2026.
    “Memphis City Council will also consider a temporary data center moratorium at the upcoming Oct. 6 meeting”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • TVA's Aug 20, 2026 data-center rate decision phases data centers off manufacturing rates and adds upfront capacity commitment charges of about $1.5 million per MW for new data centers - the rate environment for any Colos
    “New data centers will face upfront capacity commitment charges of about $1.5 million per megawatt, paid over three to five years.”
    News report · Aug. 2026 · grade C
  • federal NSPS rule: rule revision
    “The EPA revises its New Source Performance Standard, and in the revision, states that turbines—even portable or temporary turbines—require permits”
    News report · Jan. 2026 · grade C
  • water reuse operating permit: issued
    “A state operating permit has been issued for the Colossus Water Recycling Plant”
    News report · Jan. 2026 · grade C
  • air permit appeal: dismissed
    “The appeal from the NAACP and SELC was dismissed in a 6-1 vote.”
    News report · Dec. 2025 · grade C
  • air construction permit: appeal dismissed
    “The appeal from the NAACP and SELC was dismissed in a 6-1 vote”
    News report · Dec. 2025 · grade C
  • Memphis and Shelby County Air Pollution Control Board: Hearing on the NAACP/SELC appeal of SCHD air permit 01156-01PC
    “The appeal from the NAACP and SELC was dismissed in a 6-1 vote”
    News report · Dec. 2025 · grade C
  • Memphis City Council: Ordinance allocating 25% of xAI property tax revenue to communities closest to the facilities
    “the Memphis City Council approves an ordinance to allocate 25 percent of tax revenue generated from xAI for communities closest to the facilities”
    News report · Aug. 2025 · grade C
  • air construction permit: appeal filed
    “SELC, on behalf of the NAACP and Young, Gifted & Green, appeals SCHD's decisions around gas turbines and xAI's permit”
    News report · July 2025 · grade C
  • air construction permit: public hearing
    “The hearing, held at Fairley High School, was to discuss xAI's gas turbine permit”
    News report · April 2025 · grade C
  • Shelby County Health Department (public hearing, Fairley High School): Public comment hearing on draft air construction permit 01156-01PC (15 permanent turbines)
    “The hearing, held at Fairley High School, was to discuss xAI's gas turbine permit”
    News report · April 2025 · grade C
  • TVA Board of Directors: Power availability: 150 MW of firm power for MLGW customer CTC Property LLC (Exhibit 11/07/24G)
    “TVA in partnership with MLGW is in a position to supply 150 megawatts of low-cost, clean energy for this phase of their installation”
    News report · Nov. 2024 · grade C
Legal (4)
  • SELC, on behalf of the NAACP, sends a 60-day Clean Air Act notice of intent to sue over Colossus 1's unpermitted turbines; xAI removes all unpermitted turbines after the notice. No federal suit over Colossus 1 followed,
    “sends a 60-day notice of intent to sue to xAI over its continued use of unpermitted gas turbines”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Carter v. X.AI Corp., No. 2:26-cv-03257 (W.D. Tenn.), Tennessee residents' class action (nuisance and noise) against X.AI Corp. and MZX Tech LLC covering Colossus I and II and the Southaven plant; the complaint recounts
    “Plaintiffs bring this suit on behalf of themselves and other Tennessee residents and property owners similarly affected by the Facilities”
    Court filing · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Contractor Darana Hybrid's $570 million lawsuit covers work on both Colossus and Colossus 2, per the Commercial Appeal's survey of liens and lawsuits against SpaceXAI affiliates.
    “This includes a $570 million lawsuit with Ohio-based contractor Darana Hybrid, which helped build the Colossus and Colossus 2 data centers”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Carter v. X.AI Corp., No. 2:26-cv-03257 (W.D. Tenn., filed Sep 23, 2026): federal class action alleging private nuisance from round-the-clock noise and vibration; plaintiffs are residents near the Memphis-Southaven borde
    “The first two of these data centers, 'Colossus I' and 'Colossus II,' are located in Memphis, Tennessee.”
    News report · Sept. 2026 · grade C
Site and other (9)
  • Campus name: xAI Colossus 1
    “COLOSSUS refers to our flagship data center, located on Paul R. Lowry Road in Memphis, Tennessee”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • Developer: xAI Corp.; acquired by SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corp.) on Feb 2, 2026; now operates as SpaceXAI
    “COLOSSUS refers to our flagship data center”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • Operator entity: CTC Property LLC
    “the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary CTC Property LLC”
    SEC filing · June 2026 · grade A
  • Code names: Project Colossus (Darana correspondence)
    “"Project Colossus, Project Tulane (Macrohard), Project Stateline (Macrohardrr), Duke" (02994 Doc. 44-5 p. 2, authenticated by Doc. 44-2 ¶5)”
    Court filing · May 2026 · grade A
  • Address: 3231 Paul R. Lowry Rd., Memphis, TN 38109 (Amendment 1); the original MSA wording is '3231 Riverport Road'
    “Amendment 1: 3231 Paul R; Lowry Rd., Memphis, TN 38109; Original MSA uses 3231 Riverport Road (Doc. 1-1 pp. 19, 35) [from the user's research notes on Darana v; CTC / x.AI v; Darana (combined), W.D; Tenn. 2:26-cv-03037 consolidated into 2:26-cv-02994”
    Court filing · April 2025 · grade A
  • Site address: 3231 Paul R Lowry Road, Memphis, TN 38109
    “CTC PROPERTY LLC, 3231 Paul R Lowry Road, Memphis, TN 38109”
    State agency · July 2025 · grade B
  • Announced: June 5, 2024
    “xAI’s Gigafactory of Compute – the World’s largest supercomputer – would be located in Memphis, Tennessee”
    Local government · June 2024 · grade B
  • Colossus Water Recycling Plant construction paused in Apr 2026 (xAI: still committed, priorities shifted to Colossus 2). An Oct 2026 survey reports a planned 2027 restart, with Musk posting the project might start sooner
    “in April xAI confirmed construction on the greywater plant is on hold”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C
  • Address: 3231 Paul R. Lowry Road, Memphis, TN 38109
    “the Colossus data center at 3231 Paul R. Lowry Road”
    News report · Oct. 2026 · grade C

Imagery and records: Satellite imagery: Maxar via Esri World Imagery Wayback. County deeds: ATTOM.